auto specifier (since C++11)

 

C++

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Technical Specifications

 

C++ language

 

Declarations

Overview declaration syntax decl-specifier-seq declarator Specifiers typedef inline function specifier virtual function specifier explicit function specifier friend constexpr (C++11) storage class specifiers class union enum decltype (C++11) auto (C++11) alignas (C++11) const/volatile elaborated type specifier attributes (C++11) Declarators reference pointer array

Block declarations simple-declaration alias declaration(C++11) namespace alias definition using-declaration using-directive static_assert declaration (C++11) asm-definition opaque enum declaration(C++11) Other declarations namespace definition function declaration class template declaration function template declaration explicit template instantiation(C++11) explicit template specialization linkage specification attribute declaration (C++11) empty declaration

 

For variables, specifies that the type of the variable that is being declared will be automatically deduced from its initializer. For functions, specifies that the return type is a trailing return type or will be deduced from its return statements (since C++14). for non-type template parameters, specifies that the type will be deduced from the argument (since C++17)

Syntax

auto variable initializer	(1)	(since C++11)
auto function -> return type	(2)	(since C++11)
auto function	(3)	(since C++14)
decltype(auto) variable initializer	(4)	(since C++14)
decltype(auto) function	(5)	(since C++14)
auto ::	(6)	(concepts TS)
cv(optional) auto ref(optional) parameter	(7)	(since C++14)
template < auto Parameter >	(8)	(since C++17)
cv(optional) auto ref(optional) [ identifier-list ] initializer ;	(9)	(since C++17)

Explanation

1) When declaring variables in block scope, in namespace scope, in initialization statements of for loops, etc., the keyword auto may be used as the type specifier.

Once the type of the initializer has been determined, the compiler determines the type that will replace the keyword auto using the rules for template argument deduction from a function call (see template argument deduction#Other contexts for details). The keyword auto may be accompanied by modifiers, such as const or &, which will participate in the type deduction. For example, given const auto& i = expr;, the type of i is exactly the type of the argument u in an imaginary template template<class U> void f(const U& u) if the function call f(expr) was compiled. Therefore, auto&& may be deduced either as an lvalue reference or rvalue reference according to the initializer, which is used in range-based for loop.

If auto is used to declare multiple variables, the deduced types must match. For example, the declaration auto i = 0, d = 0.0; is ill-formed, while the declaration auto i = 0, *p = &i; is well-formed and the auto is deduced as int.

2) In a function declaration that uses the trailing return type syntax, the keyword auto does not perform automatic type detection. It only serves as a part of the syntax.

3) In a function declaration that does not use the trailing return type syntax, the keyword auto indicates that the return type will be deduced from the operand of its return statement using the rules for template argument deduction.

4) If the declared type of the variable is decltype(auto), the keyword auto is replaced with the expression (or expression list) of its initializer, and the actual type is deduced using the rules for decltype.

5) If the return type of the function is declared decltype(auto), the keyword auto is replaced with the operand of its return statement, and the actual return type is deduced using the rules for decltype.

6) A nested-name-specifier of the form auto:: is a placeholder that is replaced by a class or enumeration type following the rules for constrained type placeholder deduction.

7) A parameter declaration in a lambda expression. (since C++14) A function parameter declaration. (concepts TS)

8) If a template parameter is declared auto, its type is deduced from the corresponding argument.

9) A structured binding declaration

Notes

Until C++11, auto had the semantic of a storage duration specifier.

Mixing auto variables and functions in one declaration, as in auto f() -> int, i = 0; is not allowed.

Example

The example showing output using one of the implementations where typeinfo::name prints full type names; filter through c++filt -t if using gcc or similar.

Run this code

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include <typeinfo>
 
template<class T, class U>
auto add(T t, U u) -> decltype(t + u) // the return type is the type of operator+(T, U)
{
    return t + u;
}
 
auto get_fun(int arg) -> double (*)(double) // same as: double (*get_fun(int))(double)
{
    switch (arg)
    {
        case 1: return std::fabs;
        case 2: return std::sin;
        default: return std::cos;
    }
}
 
int main()
{
    auto a = 1 + 2;
    std::cout << "type of a: " << typeid(a).name() << '\n';
    auto b = add(1, 1.2);
    std::cout << "type of b: " << typeid(b).name() << '\n';
    auto c = {1, 2};
    std::cout << "type of c: " << typeid(c).name() << '\n';
 
    auto my_lambda = [](int x) { return x + 3; };
    std::cout << "my_lambda: " << my_lambda(5) << '\n';
 
    auto my_fun = get_fun(2);
    std::cout << "type of my_fun: " << typeid(my_fun).name() << '\n';
    std::cout << "my_fun: " << my_fun(3) << '\n';
 
//  auto int x; // error as of C++11: "auto" is no longer a storage-class specifier
}

Possible output:

type of a: int
type of b: double
type of c: std::initializer_list<int>
my_lambda: 8
type of my_fun: double (*)(double)
my_fun: 0.14112